Glossary¶
Terms used in this book, alphabetical. The grade column says where a term is first taught (8–12; "VIII" = Part VIII).
Nepali column: first draft, needs native review (needs-nepali-review). Blank = not yet translated; the English term is commonly used.
| Word | नेपाली | Meaning | Grade |
|---|---|---|---|
| absolute path | पूर्ण मार्ग | a path from the top of the folder tree, e.g. /c/Users/s07/school |
9 |
| AI-use policy | written rules for using AI assistants in a project | 12 | |
| amend | replace the last commit (git commit --amend); only before pushing |
11 | |
| annotated tag | a tag that stores tagger, date and message (git tag -a) |
10 | |
| API key / token | a secret string that lets a program use a service; never commit it | 12 | |
| approve | स्वीकृत गर्नु | a reviewer's decision that a PR may be merged | 10 |
| assignee | the one person responsible for an issue | 10 | |
| attribution (TASL) | श्रेय | credit with Title, Author, Source, Licence | 11 |
| backlog | the ordered list of work not yet done (issues) | 11 | |
| binary file | a non-text file (image, Word, database); Git cannot show line diffs | 9 | |
| bisect | binary search through history to find the first bad commit | 12 | |
| blame / annotate | show the last commit, author and date for every line of a file | 12 | |
| blob | Git object holding one file's contents | 12 | |
| branch | शाखा | a movable label pointing at a commit | 9 |
| branch protection | host rules that stop direct or force pushes to a branch and require reviews/checks | 12 | |
| breaking change | a change that makes users' old use stop working → MAJOR version | 11 | |
| bundle | a single file containing a repository, for moving it by USB (git bundle) |
9 | |
| changelog | परिवर्तन सूची | a human-written list of what changed in each version (CHANGELOG.md) |
9 |
| check script | a program that answers pass/fail about the project (exit code 0 = pass) | 10 | |
| cherry-pick | copy one commit onto the current branch | 11 | |
| CI (continuous integration) | running checks automatically on every push or pull request | 10 | |
| CD (continuous delivery/deployment) | publishing automatically after CI passes | 12 | |
| claim (an issue) | comment that you will work on an issue, with a plan | 11 | |
| clone | क्लोन | copy a whole repo with its history | 9 |
| closing keyword | Closes #N / Fixes #N in a merged commit or PR closes issue N |
10 | |
| code of conduct | आचारसंहिता | rules for how people behave in a project | 11 |
| code review | a teammate reads and comments on a change before it is merged | 10 | |
| CODEOWNERS | a file naming who must review changes to which folders | 12 | |
| commit | कमिट / स्न्यापसट | a saved snapshot of the whole project with a message, author, date and parent | 8 |
| commit id / hash | the unique name of a commit (e.g. 78a873e…), computed from its content |
8 | |
| common ancestor | साझा पुर्खा | the last commit two branches share; merges compare against it | 9 |
| conflict | द्वन्द्व | two changes to the same lines that Git cannot combine alone | 9 |
| conflict markers | <<<<<<<, =======, >>>>>>> lines showing both sides of a conflict |
9 | |
| content-addressed | stored under a name computed from the content (Git objects) | 12 | |
| context line | an unchanged line shown around changes in a diff | 8 | |
| Conventional Commits | message format type(scope): summary, e.g. fix(menu): … |
11 | |
| CONTRIBUTING file | a file explaining how to contribute to a project | 11 | |
| copyright | प्रतिलिपि अधिकार | the creator's automatic right over their work | 11 |
| detached HEAD | HEAD points directly at a commit, not at a branch | 9 | |
| diff | फरक | the difference between two versions, line by line (- removed, + added) |
8 |
| dump | a database exported as SQL statements that recreate it | 9 | |
| environment variable | a setting given to a program from outside its code (used for secrets) | 12 | |
| exit code | a number a program returns: 0 = success, other = failure | 10 | |
| fast-forward | a merge where the branch label simply moves forward; no merge commit | 9 | |
| feature flag | a switch in the code that turns a feature on or off | 12 | |
| fetch | download new commits from a remote without merging | 9 | |
| fork | फोर्क | your own copy of someone else's repo on a server | 10 |
.git folder |
the hidden folder where a repository keeps its history | 8 | |
.gitignore |
a file listing files Git should not track | 9 | |
| Gitflow | a branching strategy with main, develop, release and hotfix branches |
12 | |
| GitHub flow | strategy: main always releasable, one short branch + PR per change |
12 | |
| HEAD | the pointer to "where you are" — usually the current branch | 8 | |
| history / log | इतिहास | the list of commits | 8 |
| host | a service that stores Git repositories (GitHub, Codeberg, GitLab, Forgejo) | 9 | |
| hotfix | an urgent fix to a released version | 12 | |
| increment | a working, shown piece of progress at the end of an iteration | 11 | |
| issue | मुद्दा / काम | a task, bug or idea written down on the server, with a number | 10 |
| kanban board | a board with columns To do · Doing · Done | 10 | |
| label | लेबल | a tag on an issue such as bug or good-first-issue |
10 |
| licence | इजाजतपत्र | written permission to use, change or share a work | 11 |
| maintainer | a person who reviews and merges contributions to a project | 11 | |
| merge | मिलाउनु | combine the work of two branches | 9 |
| merge commit | a commit with two parents, joining two lines of work | 9 | |
| merge request (MR) | GitLab's name for a pull request | 10 | |
| message | सन्देश | the text of a commit explaining what and why | 8 |
| milestone | a target (date or version) grouping issues | 10 | |
| modified | परिवर्तित | a tracked file that changed since the last commit | 8 |
| object | a stored item in Git: blob, tree, commit or tag | 12 | |
| origin | the usual name of the remote you cloned from | 9 | |
| pager | a page viewer for long output; Space = next page, q = quit | 8 | |
| parent | the commit that came just before a commit | 8 | |
| patch | a text file containing a diff (git format-patch) |
10 | |
| path | मार्ग | the address of a file or folder in the tree | 9 |
| plumbing / porcelain | low-level Git commands / everyday friendly commands | 12 | |
| pre-release | a test version before a release, e.g. 2.0.0-rc.1 |
12 | |
| process model | the order in which a team does the work of building software | 11 | |
| prompt | the text before the cursor in a terminal, showing where you are | 9 | |
| public API | what users of a project rely on; changes to it decide the version bump | 12 | |
| pull | ल्याउनु | fetch + merge commits from a remote | 9 |
| pull request (PR) | a request to merge your branch, with diff, checks and discussion | 10 | |
| push | पठाउनु | send commits to a remote | 9 |
| README | the front page of a repository: what, how to run, who | 9 | |
| rebase | replay a branch's commits on a new base; rewrites history | 11 | |
| reference (ref) | a name pointing at a commit: branch, tag, HEAD, remote branch | 12 | |
| reflog | a local record of where HEAD has been; recovers "lost" commits | 11 | |
| release | रिलिज | a tag plus notes (and files) for users | 10 |
| relative path | सापेक्ष मार्ग | a path from where you are now, e.g. class9/ward-facts |
9 |
| remote | टाढाको भण्डार | a copy of the repo on another computer or server | 9 |
| repository (repo) | भण्डार | a project folder that remembers its history | 8 |
| reproducible | पुनरुत्पादनीय | anyone can re-run the steps and get the same result | 11 |
| reset | move the current branch label (--soft, mixed, --hard); rewrites if pushed |
11 | |
| restore | पुनर्स्थापना | bring a file back to a committed version (git restore) |
8 |
| retrospective | पुनरावलोकन | a team meeting about what went well and what to change | 10 |
| revert | undo a commit by adding a new opposite commit | 8 | |
| reviewer | समीक्षक | the person checking a pull request | 10 |
| root commit | the first commit; it has no parent | 9 | |
| runner | the machine that runs CI jobs | 12 | |
| schema | the structure of a database (CREATE TABLE …) |
9 | |
| secret | गोप्य | a password, key or token; never commit it | 9 |
| semantic versioning (SemVer) | MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH: break · add · fix | 10 | |
| share alike (SA) | a licence condition: changed versions must use the same licence | 11 | |
| signed commit | a commit with a cryptographic signature proving who made it | 12 | |
| snapshot | स्न्यापसट | a complete picture of the project at one moment | 8 |
| spam PR | a useless pull request made only to collect points | 11 | |
| SPDX identifier | the official short name of a licence, e.g. MIT, CC-BY-4.0 |
11 | |
| sprint | a short fixed period of work in Scrum (1–4 weeks) | 11 | |
| squash | combine several commits into one | 11 | |
| staging area (index) | the "next snapshot" box you are preparing (git add) |
8 | |
| stash | a drawer for unfinished, uncommitted work (git stash) |
11 | |
| static site | a website made only of files, served as they are | 10 | |
| switch | change to another branch (git switch) |
9 | |
| tag | ट्याग | a permanent name on one commit, e.g. v1.0.0 |
9 |
| team charter | a team's written roles, rules and privacy promises | 10 | |
| terminal / shell | टर्मिनल | a window where you type commands | 9 |
| tree | Git object for a folder: names → blobs and trees | 12 | |
| triage | sorting issues by clarity, size and priority | 11 | |
| trunk-based development | everyone merges small changes into main at least daily |
12 | |
| unstage | take a change out of the staging area (git restore --staged) |
8 | |
| untracked | a file Git has never been told to track | 8 | |
| upstream | the original repository a fork came from | 10 | |
| version | संस्करण | the state of a work at one moment | 8 |
| version control system | संस्करण नियन्त्रण प्रणाली | a program that keeps the history of your files | 8 |
| workflow / pipeline | a CI configuration: triggers, jobs and steps | 12 | |
| working copy | काम गर्ने प्रति | the files you see and edit | 8 |