1. Open-source licences and attribution¶

At a glance

Time: 2 periods · Tiers: 0–3 · You need: licence and permission cards (Tier 0), this repository's LICENSE, LICENSE-CONTENT.md and ATTRIBUTION.md

Before this: Grades 8–10.

By the end you can: say what common open licences allow and require, credit others' work correctly, choose a licence for your own project, and spot licences that cannot be mixed.

Not legal advice

This lesson gives general information so you can read licences sensibly. For a real legal question, ask a qualified person.

Hook (5 min)¶

You find a great photo of Rara Lake, a poem about Dashain and a Python program that draws charts — all online. Can you use them in your school project? Can you put them on the school website? Can the school sell a printed booklet that contains them?

Understand it¶

Copyright is the default¶

When someone creates a photo, text or program, they automatically own the copyright. Nobody else may copy, change or share it unless the owner gives permission. A licence is that permission, written down. So:

No licence = no permission. "It's on the internet" does not make it free.

Open licences¶

An open licence gives everyone permission in advance, under some conditions. There are two families:

Open-source software licences — for code: MIT, Apache-2.0, GPL-3.0, BSD, …
Creative Commons (CC) licences — for writing, images, data, lessons: CC BY, CC BY-SA, CC BY-NC, CC0 …

What each one says¶

Licence	Copy & share	Change	Use commercially	Conditions
CC0 / public domain	✓	✓	✓	none (credit is polite)
MIT (code)	✓	✓	✓	keep the copyright and licence notice
Apache-2.0 (code)	✓	✓	✓	keep notices, state changes; includes a patent grant
CC BY 4.0	✓	✓	✓	credit the author, link the licence, say if you changed it
CC BY-SA 4.0	✓	✓	✓	credit and share alike: your changed version must use the same licence
GPL-3.0 (code)	✓	✓	✓	share alike for code: if you distribute a changed program, share its source under GPL
CC BY-NC	✓	✓	✗	credit; non-commercial only
CC BY-ND	✓	✗	✓	credit; no derivatives (no changes)
"All rights reserved"	✗	✗	✗	ask the owner

The letters combine: BY = attribution, SA = share alike, NC = non-commercial, ND = no derivatives.

This book's choice¶

This book is CC BY 4.0 for content and MIT for code (see LICENSE-CONTENT.md and LICENSE). Why? CC BY lets the CDC, any school or any publisher print and adapt it — even sell printed copies to cover costs — as long as they credit the authors. That is exactly what a national curriculum resource needs.

Writing an attribution: TASL¶

A good credit line has Title, Author, Source (link), Licence — and says if you changed it:

"Rara Lake at dawn" by Sita Sharma, from Wikimedia Commons (link), licensed CC BY 4.0. Cropped.

For this book, ATTRIBUTION.md gives a ready sentence to copy.

Mixing licences¶

When you combine works, every licence's conditions apply at once. Some combinations are impossible:

CC BY-NC text cannot go into this CC BY book — CC BY allows commercial use, NC forbids it.
CC BY-SA text cannot go in either — SA would force the whole book to become CC BY-SA.
MIT code can go into a GPL program (GPL's conditions then apply to the whole), but GPL code cannot go into an MIT project.

That is why this book only links to excellent resources like Pro Git (CC BY-NC-SA) instead of copying them — see the resource library.

Licences in a repository¶

Put the licence text in a file called LICENSE at the top of the repo. Hosts detect it and show it on the project page. For files with different licences, projects add notes, or use the REUSE standard with SPDX identifiers — short official names like MIT, CC-BY-4.0 (this book's lessons say license: CC-BY-4.0 in their front-matter).

See it¶

$ head -3 LICENSE
MIT License

Copyright (c) 2026 The git-for-schools contributors
$ grep -m1 "Attribution 4.0" LICENSE-CONTENT.md
**Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)**.
$ grep license: docs/en/grade-11/m01-licences/lesson.md
license: CC-BY-4.0

Unplugged: licence card sort (20 min)¶

Pairs get licence cards (CC0, MIT, CC BY 4.0, CC BY-SA 4.0, CC BY-NC-SA, GPL-3.0, "all rights reserved") and permission cards (copy, change, sell, must credit, must share alike, must keep notice). Place permission cards under each licence. Then three scenarios: (1) put a CC BY photo on the school website, (2) print a CC BY-NC poem in a booklet sold at the school fair, (3) use an MIT chart library in your Grade 12 project. For each: allowed? what must you do?

PRIMM lab (40 min)¶

Read this repo's LICENSE-CONTENT.md and ATTRIBUTION.md. Predict what you must write if you reuse Grade 8 Module 1 in your own worksheet. Write it.
Write attribution lines (TASL) for three given items: a photo under CC BY, a MIT library, a poem under CC BY-SA — what changes for SA?
Investigate: why can't a CC BY-NC-SA text be copied into this repo? (Conflicting terms.) Find two resources in the library marked "link only" and say why.
Investigate: on choosealicense.com, compare MIT, Apache-2.0 and GPL-3.0. What is the main difference?
Make: choose a licence for your own Grade 11 project (code: MIT or GPL; data/writing: CC BY or CC BY-SA). Add the LICENSE file, commit with a message explaining the choice.

Parsons practice (10 min)¶

Match each licence to what it requires (credit / share alike / no commercial use / keep notice / nothing).

Common mistakes¶

Mistake	Fix
"No licence shown, so it's free"	no licence = all rights reserved; ask or find another source
Credit without a link or licence name	use TASL
Copying NC or SA text into a CC BY project	link to it instead
Changing the licence of someone else's work	you can't; only the owner can
Inventing a licence ("free for students")	use a standard licence so everyone understands it

Practise more with free resources¶

#	Exercise	Tier	Time	Hand in
1	Software Carpentry Licensing — do its exercise "Can I Use Open License?".	1 / 3	20 min	answer
2	choosealicense.com: choose a licence for three imaginary projects (a game, a dataset, a school notes site).	3	15 min	3 choices + reasons
3	Read the human summary of CC BY 4.0. Explain "no additional restrictions" in your own words.	3	10 min	2 sentences
4	SPDX licence list: find the identifiers for five licences in this lesson.	3	10 min	5 ids
5	REUSE: read the three steps. How would they help a project with mixed licences?	3	15 min	summary

Exit ticket (5 min)¶

What must you do when reusing CC BY work?
What does "share alike" require?
Misconception: "If it is on the internet, it is free to use." True or false?

Key points¶

Copyright is automatic; a licence gives permission. No licence = no permission.
Code: MIT, Apache-2.0, GPL. Content: CC0, CC BY, CC BY-SA, CC BY-NC, CC BY-ND.
Credit with TASL; say if you changed it.
Some licences cannot be combined; link instead of copying.
Put a LICENSE file in every repo; use SPDX identifiers.

New words¶

copyright, licence, open licence, attribution (TASL), share alike, non-commercial, SPDX identifier, public domain — see the glossary.

Extension quest¶

Look up your government's open-data portal (or, as an example, OKN's localboundaries repository in Nepal). What licence does it use? What would you need to write to use it in a school project?

Teacher notes¶

Timing: P1: hook 5, understand 20, card sort 15. P2: lab 30, Parsons 5, exit 5.
This is general information, not legal advice; avoid giving legal opinions. Link to the official summaries at creativecommons.org and opensource.org.
Card-sort answers: CC0 — copy, change, sell; MIT — copy, change, sell, keep notice; CC BY — copy, change, sell, credit; CC BY-SA — plus share alike; CC BY-NC-SA — copy, change, credit, share alike, not sell; GPL-3.0 — copy, change, sell, keep notice, share source alike; all rights reserved — nothing without asking.
Scenarios: (1) yes, with TASL credit; (2) no — selling is commercial; (3) yes, keep the MIT notice.
Answer key: Exit 1: credit (TASL), link the licence, say if changed. 2: derivatives must use the same (or compatible) licence. 3: False. Lab 4: MIT/Apache permissive (Apache adds patents); GPL requires sharing changed source under GPL.